Produce Center
A study published recently in theJournal of Neuroscience points, for the first time, to the gene trkC as a
factor in susceptibility to the disease. The researchers define the specific mechanism for the formation
of fear memories which will help in the development of new pharmacological and cognitive treatments.
Five out of every 100 people in Spain suffer from panic disorder, one of the diseases included within the
anxiety disorders, and they experience frequent and sudden attacks of fear that may influence their everyday
lives, sometimes even rendering them incapable of things like going to the shops, driving the car or holding
down a job.
It was known that this disease had a neurobiological and genetic basis and for some time the search had been
on to discover which genes were involved in its development, with certain genes being implicated without their
physiopathological contribution being understood. Now, for the first time, researchers from the Centre for Genomic
Regulation (CRG) have revealed that the gene NTRK3, responsible for encoding a protein essential for the formation
of the brain, the survival of neurons and establishing connections between them, is a factor in genetic susceptibility to
panic disorder.
"We have observed that deregulation of NTRK3 produces changes in brain development that lead to malfunctions in
the fear-related memory system," explains Mara Dierssen, head of the Cellular and Systems Neurobiology group at
the CRG. "In particular, this system is more efficient at processessing information to do with fear, the thing that makes
a person overestimate the risk in a situation and therefore feel more frightened and, also, that stores that information
in a more lasting and consistent manner."
Different regions of the human brain are responsible for processing this feeling, although the hippocampus and
amygdala play crucial roles. On the one hand, the hippocampus is responsible for forming memories and processing
contextual information, which means that the person may be afraid of being in places where they could suffer a panic
attack; and on the other, the amygdala is crucial in converting this information into a physiological fear response.
Although these circuits are activated in everyone in warning situations, what the CRG researchers have discovered is
that "in those people who suffer from panic disorder there is overactivation of the hippocampus and altered activation
in the amygdala circuitry, resulting in exaggerated formation of fear memories," explains Davide D'Amico, a PhD student
at the CRG, co-author of the work and the article published in the Journal of Neuosciences, together with Dierssen and
the researcher Mónica Santos.
They have also found that Tiagabine, a drug that modulates the brain's fear inhibition system, is able to reverse the
formation of panic memories. Although it had already been observed to alleviate certain symptoms in some patients,
"we have discovered that it specifically helps restore the fear memory system," points out Dierssen.
Panic disorder
Panic attacks are a key symptom of panic disorder. They can last several minutes, be sudden and repeated, and the
sufferer has a physical reaction similar to the alarm response to real danger, involving palpitations, cold sweats, dizziness,
shortness of breath, tingling in the body, nausea and stomach pain. On top of this, they feel continuously anxious when faced
with the prospect of suffering another attack.
This study by the CRG researchers reveals that the way in which the memories resulting from a panic attack are stored is
what ultimately ends up producing the disorder, which usually appears between 20 and 30 years of age. Although it has a
genetic basis, it is also influenced by other environmental factors, such as accumulated stress. This is why the authors of
the paper consider elevated environmental stress in Spanish society to have led to an increase in the occurrence of these
disorders.
Currently, there is no cure for this disease, which is treated with medicines that block the more serious symptoms, as well
as with cognitive therapy, which aims to help the person learn to survive the attacks better. "The problem is that drugs have
many side effects and psychotherapy is not really aimed at specific moments in the process of forming and forgetting fear
memories. In our work we have defined a specific creation mechanism for these fear memories that could help in the
development of new drugs and, also, in identifying the key moments for applying cognitive therapy," indicates D'Amico.