The definition of leukemia

Leukemia, also known as blood cancer, is a class of hematopoietic stem cell abnormal clonal malignant disease. The cloning of leukemia cells lost the ability to further differentiation and maturation and stagnation in the different stages of cell development. In bone marrow and other hematopoietic leukemia cells in a large number of proliferation and accumulation of other organs and tissues infiltration, while the normal hematopoietic suppression, clinical manifestations of anemia, bleeding, infection and various organ infiltration symptoms.

Leukemia symptoms and signs

Leukemia symptoms, mainly with the destruction of bone marrow hematopoietic function, due to penetration of white blood cells into the organization's role, some symptoms are related to this characteristic.

1, bone marrow hematopoietic damage caused by the symptoms

(1) prone to bruising, punctate hemorrhage: leading to the production of platelet megakaryocytes decreased, resulting in platelet deficiency;

(2) anemia: the manufacture of red blood cells reduce the mother cell, resulting in the lack of red blood cells, easy to move, or exercise asthma and dizziness;

(3) sustained fever, infection prolonged unhealed: most of the white blood cells are blood cancer cells, no normal function, leading to decreased immunity, vulnerable to infection.

2, blood cancer cell penetration caused by the symptoms

(1) lymphadenopathy;

(2) bone pain or joint pain: a large number of proliferation of blood cells in the bone marrow caused by tapping acute lymphoblastic leukemia patient's sternum, often cause severe pain;

(3) swelling of the gums;

(4) hepatosplenomegaly;

(5) headache and vomiting: penetration of blood cancer cells into the central nervous system performance;

(6) the skin appears lumps: because it looks slightly green, also known as green tumor;

(7) pericardial or pleural effusion.

3, the special performance of various types of leukemia

(1) acute anterior myeloid leukemia: diffuse bleeding;

(2) chronic myeloid leukemia: the majority of patients increased platelet count, spleen enlargement;

(3) chronic lymphocytic leukemia: rarely occurs in the Chinese people, a good age is mainly in middle age, especially the elderly;

(4) acute lymphoblastic leukemia: If the chest caused by diaphragmatic lymphadenopathy, often oppression of the trachea, leading to shortness of breath, cough;

(5) adult T-cell lymphoid leukemia: because the blood calcium is too high, resulting in dehydration, confusion, coma.

Prevention and care of leukemia

【Precaution】

1, to avoid excessive exposure to X-rays and other harmful radiation, the radiation work personnel to be good personal protection, pregnant women and infants and young children should pay special attention to avoid exposure to radiation.

2, prevention and treatment of various infections, especially viral infections, such as C-RNA viruses.

3, careful use of certain drugs, such as chloramphenicol, phenylbutazone, certain antiviral drugs, certain antitumor drugs and immunosuppressive agents, should avoid long-term use or abuse.

4, to avoid contact with certain carcinogens, good job protection and monitoring, such as in the production of phenol, chlorobenzene, nitrobenzene, spices, pharmaceuticals, pesticides, synthetic fibers, synthetic rubber, plastics, dyes, etc. Avoid contact with harmful, toxic substances.

5, high-risk groups of leukemia should make regular census work, with particular attention to leukemia alarm and early symptoms.

【Nursing methods】

Eat more natural food and health inspection of the formal production of food, such as: fresh vegetables, whole grains and so on.

Leukemia Complications

1, infection: leukemia caused by normal leukopenia, especially neutropenia, while chemotherapy and other factors also lead to the lack of granulocytes, so that patients prone to severe infection or sepsis, often cause infection of bacteria: Gram-positive Bacteria, such as Staphylococcus aureus, hemolytic streptococcus, Corynebacterium and other gram-negative bacilli, such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella, fungal infection with Candida albicans, Aspergillus, Mucor Etc., the fungal infection occurred in long-term neutropenia or sustained fever and antibiotic-insensitive patients, and some patients receiving corticosteroid therapy, due to low cellular immunity, more susceptible to viral infections, such as chickenpox band Herpes virus, herpes simplex virus, in addition to Pneumocystis carinii infection is also common, upper respiratory tract infection and pneumonia for its common type.

2, intestinal failure: the treatment of leukemia in chemotherapy drugs, radiotherapy means of gastrointestinal function, which led to fear of gastric failure, nutritional supplement in patients with a prominent problem, the current subclavian vein catheterization to the superior vena cava for High nutrient infusion solution only part of the problem, lack of nutrition can occur pneumonia, enteritis and other complications.

3, high uric acid blood syndrome: the normal decomposition of nucleic acid metabolism, urinary excretion of uric acid per day 300 ~ 500mg, leukemia patients due to a large number of leukemia cells, nucleic acid decomposition can increase uric acid output several times, when patients receive chemotherapy, radiotherapy and other treatment When the emergence of hyperuricemia, the application of corticosteroids and can increase the high uric acid, high concentrations of uric acid quickly supersaturation and precipitation, causing extensive renal injury and uric acid stones, can lead to oliguria, anuria, leukemia Patients must be supplemented with more fluid to ensure a certain amount of urine, and taking allopurinol alcohol, such as renal failure occurs when the need to limit the amount of fluid, and for dialysis.

4, bleeding: Leukemia patients with malignant hyperplasia of leukemia cells, platelets significantly reduced, easily lead to respiratory, gastrointestinal, urinary tract bleeding, especially intracranial hemorrhage, so according to the cause of aggressive hemostasis measures, including the infusion of concentrated platelets.

5, lung disease: leukemia patients due to normal neutrophil neutropenia, decreased immune function, often leading to lung infection, in addition to leukemia cells, infiltration can block the small blood vessels of the lungs, bronchial and dyspnea, respiratory distress syndrome, Chest X-ray can be ground-glass or miliary mesh, can be used for experimental treatment of lung radiation.

6, electrolyte imbalance: leukoplakia disease treatment often due to excessive destruction of leukemia cells or chemotherapy due to renal damage and other reasons too much potassium, but also due to poor appetite caused by chemotherapy, digestive system disorders, the amount of inadequate Hypokalemia, or destruction of leukemia cells to increase the release of phosphorus, resulting in low calcium, so in the course of treatment should pay attention to potassium, calcium, sodium and other electrolyte concentrations.

Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC): Disseminated blood vessels are a group of severe bleeding syndromes.