Human anti-Mullerian hormone is encoded by the gene AMH. Human anti-Mullerian hormone inhibits the development of Mullerian ducts or the paramesonephric ducts in male embryo. Anti-Mullerian hormone is also known as Mullerian inhibiting substance or anti- paramesonephric hormone. Anti-Mullerian hormone is named after Johannes Peter Muller. The Anti-Mullerian hormone receptor is expressed in male and female foetuses but expression were isolated from sertoli cells. SOX9 activates the expression of anti-Mullerian hormone and leads to irreversible regression of Mullerian ducts. Anti- Mullerian hormone expression is tightly regulated by SF1, DAX1, FSH and GATA factors and is very specific to sex determination during foetal development. Expression of anti-Mullerian hormone occurs in ovarian granulosa cells of female postpartum and it also serves as relative size biomarker of the ovarian reserve.

The timing of menopause can be predicted with the number of cells in follicular reserve. It has a major function of prevention of Mullerian ducts in the uterus and other Mullerian structures. The action is observed during first 8 weeks of gestation in humans. The absence of the hormone in male gonads leads to development of Mullerian ducts and dying of Wolffian ducts. Anti-Mullerian hormone levels in blood varies according to the sex and age. Anti-Mullerian hormones are expressed in granulosa cells of the ovary during the reproduction and limits primary follicle formation. The production of Anti-Mullerian hormone stays high in males during childhood in the sertoli cells of the testes but tend to decrease during puberty and adult life. It has also shown to have regulative function for the production of sex hormones. Anti-Mullerian hormone levels less than or equal to 5.4 pmol/l predicts a lower response towards ovarian hyper stimulation and greater than or equal to 25.0 pmol/l predicts higher response. It is used for general fertility assessment and a guide to ovarian reserves.